Celer Network is developing a layer-2 scaling platform that aims to enable fast and secure off-chain transactions and off-chain smart contracts. The Celer Network hopes to enable developers to create scalable DApps by increasing the off-chain functionalities of blockchains.

Chain is a blockchain software company that creates blockchain-based systems for financial institutions and major companies. They've developed blockchain solutions for companies like Nasdaq, Visa, and Citigroup, as well as a variety of crytpocurrencies. Chain has been successful in incorporating distributed ledger technology in very large and influential companies. Their focus is on using the core innovations of blockchain to improve existing systems. Chain uses blockchain as a software tool that can be applied where it is important for services or product to have more trust, or to build a network without an intermediary

Fantom is developing a smart contract platform based on a directed acyclic graph (DAG). They hope to address the scalability issues of current decentralized platforms. Instead of a blockchain, Fantom's Lachesis Protocol uses a directed acyclic graph to confirm transactions asynchronously. This transaction history is immutable and cannot be modified. The platform's Opera Chain will consist of three layers: an application Layer, Opera Ware Layer, and Opera Core Layer. Fanotm issued an Ethereum-based token in 2018.