pTokens are digital assets that are transparently pegged to another underlying asset. pTokens serve as a Cross-Chain token wrapper that allows users to more easily transfer value between different blockchains. Users can deposit a certain amount of the underlying asset (such as BTC or EOS) and request the equivalent pTokens that are pegged to them 1:1, such as pBTC or pEOS. Token holders can then take advantage of the Ethereum network by more easily exchanging them into ERC-20 tokens.

The Kava token fuels the Kava.io cross-chain collateralized debt platform. Kava’s multi collateral CDP system allows users to collateralize a variety of assets so that they can increase their exposure to favorable trading conditions in volatile markets. The Kava platform is secured by over 100 validators and uses the Tendermint consensus algorithm.

AION calls itself a 3rd generation blockchain network, and is primarily focused on connecting blockchain networks. AOIN aims to solve the interoperability issues facing the various blockchains, and be the connecting bridge between them. AION's cross-chain platform has different consensus mechanisms for interchain and on-chain transactions. The on-chain consensus mechanism combines BFT (Byzantine Fault Tolerance), dPoS (Delegated Proof-of-Stake) and a new neural network inspired verification algorithm known as Proof-of-Intelligence.
Interchain transactions are managed by bridges. The bridges has a consensus mechanism that is different from the main AION chain, and each bridge is secured by an individual consensus. The bridge validators will be rewarded by interchain transaction fees.