pTokens are digital assets that are transparently pegged to another underlying asset. pTokens serve as a Cross-Chain token wrapper that allows users to more easily transfer value between different blockchains. Users can deposit a certain amount of the underlying asset (such as BTC or EOS) and request the equivalent pTokens that are pegged to them 1:1, such as pBTC or pEOS. Token holders can then take advantage of the Ethereum network by more easily exchanging them into ERC-20 tokens.

Cosmos is a cross-chain protocol that is working to establish a standardized way for blockchains to inter-operate. It has been called the internet of blocchains. Cosmos is building a standardized protocol for multiple blockchains to operate freely together, and allow transfers of value between them. Cosmos is made up of a network of blocckhains called zones. Each of these zones will be powered by a the Tendermint consensus protocol. Cosmos will act as a hub, that ties the zones together and manages their coordination. The Cosomos token called ATOM was released in an ICO that raised $53 million, but it will not be traded until the platform is launched.

MOAC is developing a multi-layer blockchain platform that aims to improve transaction speeds and scalability. MOAC's architecture is divided into a main chain and microchains, and uses sharding to improve network performance. This enables an asynchronous smart contract platform that increases the number of contracts that can be processed, as well as transaction speed.
MOAC's development platform allows DApp creators to choose from a variety of consensus algorithms. It also enables cross-chain exchanges of value between different blockchains.